Q:electromotive force formula
Answer:The main electromotive force (EMF) formulas are ε = E/Q and ε = V + Ir, where ε (or EMF) is the electromotive force, E is the energy, Q is the charge, V is the terminal voltage, I is the current, and r is the internal resistance of the source. The first formula, ε = E/Q, defines EMF as the energy provided per unit charge, while the second formula, ε = V + Ir, relates EMF to the terminal voltage (V) in a closed circuit.